Epistemic Internalism and the Challenge from Testimony

  • Felix Bräuer

Abstract

In this paper, I spell out a new challenge for epistemic internalism that emerges out of the current debate on testimonial justification. Based on recent developments within this debate, one might argue as follows: Epistemic internalism can’t account for the justification of our testimony-based beliefs, because (1) we should conceive of testimonial justification along anti-reductionist lines and (2) anti-reductionism is incompatible with epistemic internalism. In response to this challenge, I show that, despite initial appearances, epistemic internalism and anti-reductionism are compatible after all. Therefore, being an anti-reductionist with regard to testimonial justification doesn’t force one to reject epistemic internalism. In order to argue for this result, I will make use of resources provided by speech act theory.

Riferimenti bibliografici

BonJour, L. (1985), The Structure of Empirical Knowledge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

BonJour, L. (2003), A Version of Internalist Foundationalism, in BonJour, L., Sosa, E., Epistemic Justification: Internalism vs. Externalism, Foundations vs. Virtues, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, pp. 5-96.

Bräuer, F. (2018), «Looking Beyond Reductionism and Anti-Reductionism», in Episteme, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-19.

Burge, T. (1993), Content Preservation, in Cognition Through Understanding: Philosophical Essays Vol. 3, Oxford University Press 2013, Oxford, pp. 229-253.

Coady, C. A. J. (1992), Testimony: A Philosophical Study, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

DeRose, K. (2002), «Assertion, Knowledge, and Context», in The Philosophical Review, vol. 111, n. 2, pp. 167-203.

Douven. I. (2006), «Assertion, Knowledge, and Rational Credibility», in The Philosophical Review, vol. 115, n. 4, pp. 449-485.

Faulkner, P. (2007), «On Telling and Trusting», in Mind, vol. 116, n. 464, pp. 875-902.

Faulkner, P. (2011), Knowledge on Trust, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Foley, R. (2001), Intellectual Trust in Oneself and Others, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Fricker, E. (1994), Against Gullibility, in Knowing from Words: Western and Indian Philosophical Analysis of Understanding and Testimony, Matilal, B., Chakrabarti, A., eds., Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 125-162.

Fricker, E. (1995), «Telling and Trusting: Reductionism and Anti-Reductionism in the Epistemology of Testimony», in Mind, vol. 104, n. 414, pp. 393-411.

Fricker, M. (2012), «Group Testimony? The Making of a Collective Good Informant», in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 84, n. 2, pp. 249-276.

Gelfert, A. (2009), «Indefensible Middle Ground for Local Reductionism about Testimony», in Ratio, vol. 22, n. 2, pp. 170-190.

Gelfert, A. (2014), A Critical Introduction to Testimony, Bloomsbury, New York.

Goldberg, S. (2010a), Relying on Others, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Goldberg, S. (2010b), «Comments on Miranda Fricker’s Epistemic Injustice», in Episteme, vol. 7, n. 2, pp. 138-150.

Goldberg, S. (2011), Putting the Norm of Assertion to Work: The Case of Testimony, in Brown, J., Capellen, H., eds., Assertion: New Philosophical Essays, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 175-195.

Goldberg, S. (2015a), Assertion: On the Philosophical Significance of Assertoric Speech, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Goldberg, S. (2015b). «Recent Work on Assertion», in American Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 52, n. 4, pp. 365-380.

Goldberg S., Henderson D. (2006), «Monitoring and Anti-Reductionism in the Epistemology of Testimony», in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 72, n. 3, pp. 600-617.

Goldman, A. (1979), What is Justified Belief?, in Reliabilism and Contemporary Epistemology, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, pp. 29-49.

Goldman, A. (1999), Knowledge in a Social World, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Hawthorne, J. (2004), Knowledge and Lotteries, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Hawthorne, J., Stanley, J. (2008), «Knowledge and Action», in The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 105, n. 10, pp. 571-590.

Hinchman, E. (2005), «Telling as Inviting to Trust», in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 70, n. 3, pp. 562-587.

Hinchman, E. (2013), «Assertion, Sincerity, and Knowledge», in Noûs, vol. 47, n. 4, pp. 613-646.

Hinchman, E. (2014), «Assurance and Warrant», in Philosophers’ Imprint, vol. 14, n. 17, pp. 1-58.

Hume, D. (1748), An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, T. Beauchamp, ed., University Press, Oxford 1999.

Insole, C. (2000), «Seeing off the Local Threat to Irreducible Knowledge by Testimony», in The Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 50, n. 198, pp 44-56.

Johnson, C. (2015), «Testimony and the Constitutive Norm of Assertion», in International Journal of Philosophical Studies, vol. 23, n. 3, pp. 356-375.

Kneer, M. (2018), «The Norm of Assertion: Empirical Data», in Cognition, vol. 177, pp. 165-171.

Kripke, S (1980), Naming and Necessity, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA).

Lackey, J. (2007), «Norms of Assertion», in Noûs, vol. 41, n. 4, pp. 594-626.

Lackey, J. (2008), Learning from Words: Testimony as a Source of Knowledge, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Lawlor, K. (2013), Assurance: An Austinian View of Knowledge and Knowledge Claims, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Madison, B. J. C. (2016), «Internalism in the Epistemology of Testimony Redux», in Erkenntnis, vol. 81, n. 4, pp.741-755.

McMyler, B. (2007), «Knowing at Second Hand», in Inquiry, vol. 50, n. 5, pp. 511-540.

McMyler, B. (2011), Testimony, Trust, and Authority, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

McMyler, B. (2013), «The Epistemic Significance of Address», in Synthese, vol. 190, n. 6 pp. 1059-1078.

Michaelian, K. (2008), «Testimony as a Natural Kind», Episteme, vol. 5, n. 2, pp. 180-202.

Moran, R. (2005), «Getting Told and Being Believed», in Philosophers’ Imprint, vol. 5, n. 5, pp. 1-29.

Moran, R. (2013), «Testimony, Illocution and the Second Person», in Aristotelian Society Supplementary, vol. 87, n. 1, pp. 115-135.

Moran, R. (2018), The Exchange of Words, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Nickel, P. (2012), «Trust and Testimony», in Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 93, n. 3 pp. 301-316.

Nickel, P. (2013), «Testimonial Entitlement, Norms of Assertion and Privacy», in Episteme, vol. 10, n. 2, pp. 207-217.

Pelling, C. (2013), «Assertion and the Provision of Knowledge», in The Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 63, n. 251, pp. 293-312.

Plantinga, A. (1993), Warrant and Proper Function, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Pritchard, D. (2004), The Epistemology of Testimony, in Sosa, E., Villanueva, E., eds., Epistemology: Philosophical Issues, Volume 14, Blackwell Publishers, Malden, pp. 326-248.

Pritchard, D. (2005), Epistemic Luck, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Putnam, H. (1975), The Meaning of ‘Meaning’, in Gunderson, K., ed., Language, Mind and Knowledge, University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota, pp. 215-271.

Rakoczy, H., Tomasello, M. (2009), «Done Wrong or Said Wrong? Young Children Understand the Normative Direction of Fit of Different Speech Acts», in Cognition, vol. 113, n. 2, pp. 205-212.

Reid, T. (1785), Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, in Brookes, D., ed., Pennsylvania State University Press, Pennsylvania 2002.

Ross, A. (1986), «Why Do We Believe what We are Told?», in Ratio, vol. 28, n. 1, pp. 69-88.

Searle, J. (1969), Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Schmitt, F. (2010), The Assurance View of Testimony, in Haddock, A., Millar, A., Pritchard, D., eds., Social Epistemology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 216-242.

Stanley, J. (2005), Knowledge and Practical Interests, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Stevenson, L. (1993), «Why Believe what People Say?», in Synthese, vol. 94, n. 3, pp. 429-451.

Van Cleve, J. (2006), Reid on the Credit of Human Testimony, in Lackey, J., Sosa, E., eds., The Epistemology of Testimony, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 50-74.

Weiner, M. (2003), «Accepting Testimony», in The Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 53, n. 211, pp. 256-264.

Welbourne, M. (1981), «The Community of Knowledge», The Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 31, n. 125, pp. 302-314.

Williamson, T. (1996), «Knowing and Asserting», in The Philosophical Review, vol. 105, n. 4, pp. 489-523.

Williamson, T. (2000), Knowledge and its Limits, Oxford University Press Oxford.

Wright, S. (2016), «Internalism in the Epistemology of Testimony», in Erkenntnis, vol. 81, n. 1, pp. 69-86.

Come citare
Bräuer, F. (1) «Epistemic Internalism and the Challenge from Testimony», Rivista Italiana di Filosofia del Linguaggio, 13(1). Available at: http://rifl.unical.it/index.php/rifl/article/view/526 (Consultato: 24novembre2024).
Sezione
Assertion and Epistemology